Abraham Sacrifices His Son
It had been close to ten years since Abraham had left
his wife and baby in Mecca in the care of God. After a two month journey, he
was surprised to find Mecca a lot different than how he had left it. The joy
of reunion was soon interrupted by a vision which was to be the ultimate test
of his faith. God commanded Abraham through a dream to sacrifice his son, the
son he had had after years of prayers and had just met after a decade of
separation.
We know from the Quran that the child to be sacrificed
was Ishmael, as God, when giving the glad tidings of the birth of Isaac to
Abraham and Sarah, also gave the glad tidings of a grandson, Jacob (Israel):
“…But we gave her glad tidings of Isaac, and after him, of
Jacob.” (Quran 11:71)
Similarly, in the biblical verse Genesis 17:19, Abraham
was promised:
“Your wife Sarah shall bear you a son whose name shall
be Isaac. I will establish my covenant with him as an everlasting covenant [and]
with his seed after him.”
Because God promised to give Sarah a child from Abraham and
grandchildren from that child, it is neither logically nor practically possible
for God to command Abraham to sacrifice Isaac, since God neither breaks his
promise, nor is He the “author of confusion.”
Although Isaac’s name is explicitly mention as the one
who was to be sacrificed in Genesis 22:2, we learn from other Biblical contexts
that it is clear interpolation, and the one to be slaughtered was Ishmael.
“Thine Only Son”
In the verses of Genesis 22, God commands Abraham to
sacrifice his only son. As all scholars of Islam, Judaism and Christianity
agree, Ishmael was born before Isaac. From this, it would not be fit to call
Isaac the only son of Abraham.
It is true that Judeo-Christian a scholars often argue that
since Ishmael was born to a concubine, he is not a legitimate son. However, we
have already mentioned earlier that according to Judaism itself, the gifting of
concubines from barren wives to their husbands in order to produce offspring
was a common, valid and acceptable occurrence, and the child produced by the concubine
would be claimed by the wife of the father[1],
enjoying all rights as her, the wife’s, own child, including inheritance. Furthermore,
they would receive a double the share of other children, even if they were “hated”[2].
In addition to this, it is inferred in the Bible that Sarah
herself would regard a child born to Hagar as a rightful heir. Knowing that
Abraham had been promised that his seed would fill the land between the Nile
and the Euphrates (Genesis 15:18) from his own body (Genesis 15:4), she offered
Hagar to Abraham in order that she be the means to fulfill this prophecy. She
said,
“Behold now, the Lord hath restrained me from
bearing: I pray thee, go in unto my maid; it may be that I may obtain
children by her.” (Genesis 16:2)
This is also similar to Leah and Rachel, the wives of
Jacob son of Isaac, giving their maids to Jacob to produce offspring (Genesis
30:3, 6. 7, 9-13). Their children were Dan, Nepthali, Gad and Asher, who were
from the twelve sons of Jacob, the fathers of the twelve tribes of Israelites, and
therefore valid heirs[3].
From this, we understand that Sarah believed that a
child born to Hagar would be a fulfillment of the prophecy given to Abraham, and
be as if he was born to her own self. Thus, according to this fact alone,
Ishmael is not illegitimate, but a rightful heir.
God Himself regards Ishmael as a valid heir, for, in numerous
places, the Bible mentions that Ishmael is a “seed” of Abraham. For example,
in Genesis 21:13:
“And also of the son of the bondwoman will I make a
nation, because he is thy seed.
There are many other reasons which prove that it was
Ishmael and not Isaac who was to be sacrificed, and God willing, a separate
article will be dedicated to this issue.
To continue with the account, Abraham consulted his son
to see if he understood what he was commanded by God,
“So We gave him the good news of a forbearing son. And when
(his son) was old enough to help in his daily affairs, (Abraham) said: O my
dear son, I have seen in a dream that I must sacrifice you. So look, what
think you? He said: O my father! Do that which you are commanded. God
willing, you shall find me of the patient.” (Quran 37:101-102)
Indeed if a person was told by their father that they
were to be killed due to a dream, it would not be taken in the best of manners.
One may doubt the dream as well as the sanity of the person, but Ishmael knew
the station of his father. The pious son of a pious father was committed to
submit to God. Abraham took his son to the place where he was to be sacrificed
and laid him face down. For this reason, God has described them in the most beautiful
of words, painting a picture of the essence of submission; one which brings
tears to the eyes:
“And when they both submitted (to the command of God), and he (Abraham)
laid him (Ishmael) face down upon his forehead (in order to be sacrificed).”
(Quran 37:103)
Just as Abraham’s knife was poised to descend, a voice
stopped him
“We called to him: O Abraham: You have indeed fulfilled the
vision. Lo! Thus do We reward the good. Lo! That verily was a clear test.”
(Quran 37:104-106)
Indeed, it was the greatest test of all, the sacrificing
of his only child, one born to him after he had reached an old age and years of
longing for progeny. Here, Abraham showed his willingness to sacrifice all his
belongings for God, and for this reason, he was designated a leader of all
humanity, one whom God blessed with a progeny of Prophets.
“And when his God tested Abraham with various commands, and he
proved true to each one.” He (God) said, indeed I have made you a leader of
humanity. He (Abraham) said (requesting of God), ‘and from my progeny.” (Quran
2:124)
Ishmael was ransomed with a ram,
‘…then We redeemed him with a momentous sacrifice.’ (Quran 37:107)
It is this epitome of submission and trust in God which
hundreds of millions of Muslims reenact every year during the days of Hajj, a day
called Yawm-un-Nahr – The Day of Sacrifice, or Eid-ul-Adhaa - or
the Celebration of Sacrifice.
Abraham returned to Palestine, and upon doing so, he was
visited by angels who give him and Sarah the good news of a son, Isaac,
“Lo! We bring you good tidings of a boy possessing wisdom.”
(Quran 15:53)
It is at this time that he is also told about the
destruction of the people of Lot.
Footnotes:
[1] Pilegesh.
Emil G. Hirsch and Schulim Ochser. The Jewish Encyclopedia. (http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=313&letter=P).
[2] Deuteronomy
21:15-17. See also: Primogeniture. Emil G. Hirsch and I. M. Casanowicz.
The Jewish Encyclopedia. (http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=527&letter=P).
[3] Jacob.
Emil G. Hirsch, M. Seligsohn, Solomon Schechter and Julius H. Greenstone. The
Jewish Encyclopedia. (http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=19&letter=J).
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